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Peace is a multidimensional concept that goes beyond the mere absence of war or violence. It encompasses conditions that enable individuals and societies to live with justice, dignity, security, and mutual respect. The study of peace has evolved significantly through contributions from peace researchers, especially Johan Galtung, who distinguished between negative peace and positive peace. This distinction has become fundamental in understanding conflicts and designing effective peace-building strategies in the modern world. Negative peace refers to the absence of direct or physical violence. It exists when armed conflicts, wars, riots, or violent confrontations have ceased. A ceasefire agreement or military victory may establish negative peace by preventing immediate bloodshed. However, such peace may remain fragile because the underlying causes of conflict, such as inequality, discrimination, political exclusion, poverty, or injustice, continue to exist. Negative peace often depends on coercion, military deterrence, or strict law enforcement rather than genuine reconciliation. Consequently, societies experiencing negative peace remain vulnerable to renewed violence whenever tensions re-emerge. Positive peace, on the other hand, represents the presence of social justice, _________ __________ __________ __________ ________ _______ ______ __________ _____ ___.
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