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Since 2001, urban housing and infrastructure policies in India have undergone significant transformation in response to rapid urbanization, increasing migration, expansion of metropolitan regions, and the growing demand for affordable housing and basic urban services. These policies have aimed to improve housing conditions, urban infrastructure, sanitation, transportation, and the overall quality of urban life. While substantial progress has been made, challenges related to implementation, inclusiveness, and sustainability continue to limit their effectiveness. The launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005 marked a major shift in India's urban development strategy. It focused on improving urban infrastructure, governance reforms, water supply, sewerage, drainage, roads, public transport, and housing for the urban poor. The mission encouraged cities to adopt reforms such as property tax rationalization, e-governance, and improved financial management. It also promoted public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. However, the benefits were concentrated in larger cities, while many small and medium towns received limited attention. Delays in project implementation and _________ ___ _____ ______ _____ _________.
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