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The rise of Maratha power between the 17th and mid-18th centuries has been a subject of extensive historical analysis and interpretation. Different schools of thought have explored this phenomenon through various lenses, including nationalist, imperialist, Marxist, and subaltern approaches. The trajectory of Maratha ascendancy, from the regional resistance under Shivaji to becoming a pan-Indian power under the Peshwas, is viewed differently depending on the ideological, temporal, and methodological frameworks of historians. A critical evaluation of these perspectives reveals the complexity and multi-dimensional nature of Maratha power in pre-colonial India. Early nationalist historians like Justice M.G. Ranade and V.K. Rajwade viewed the rise of the Marathas as a national revival against the declining Mughal Empire and Muslim rule. According to them, Shivaji's efforts were aimed at establishing Hindu Swarajya, or self-rule, after centuries of foreign domination. This interpretation was deeply influenced by the socio-political conditions of late 19th-century colonial India, where nationalist leaders sought historical legitimacy and inspiration for contemporary anti-colonial struggles. Shivaji was portrayed as a heroic and visionary leader who laid the foundation for a modern Indian state rooted in indigenous values and traditions. However, this perspective has been critiqued for being overly romantic and for projecting modern political ideals onto a pre-modern context. On the other hand, British imperialist historians like James Grant Duff, who wrote one of the earliest comprehensive histories of the Marathas in the early 19th century, offered _______ __________ ___ _________ ______ ___ ________ ________ ___ ______ __________ ________.
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