Critically evaluate the Colonial environmental agenda

Colonisation of India was an occurrence of singular significance. The largest colony in the world was created by the classic capitalist power. The long historical process, from about the middle of the eighteenth century till the beginning of the twentieth century, was fraught with devices of resource exploitation of an unprecedented kind interceded by an environmental perception that oriented resources principally towards market. The colonial discourse on environment has been nicely elaborated by Alfred Crosby in his work Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe.

The English colonial control of India began with the acquisition of the power to collect land revenue the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. What seemed on the face a simple political process had grave and quite far reaching implications. Irfan Habib describes the process and its meaning exquisitely: “The East India Company, which obtained this power, was controlled by the great merchant-capitalists of London.

These merchants had so far conducted a trade, based on the import of Indian piece goods, silk, indigo and spices that were financed mainly by the export of treasure. Now, suddenly, they found in their conquests the ultimate bliss that every merchant dreams of: to be able to buy without having to pay, and yet be able to sell at the full price.

This could be achieved by treating the entire revenue of the country as gross profits. From these the expenses necessary for maintaining government and army, and law and order the costs of maintenance of the existing system of exploitation had to be deducted in order to yield the net profits. These could, in turn, be invested for the purchase of Indian commodities, the so-called ‘investments’.

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