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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) was one of the earliest scientists to propose a systematic theory of evolution. His theory, known as Lamarckism or the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters, was presented in his book *Philosophie Zoologique* (1809). At a time when the concept of evolution was not widely accepted, Lamarck suggested that living organisms are not fixed but change gradually over time in response to environmental conditions. Although many aspects of his theory have been rejected by modern genetics, Lamarckism occupies an important place in the history of evolutionary thought. Lamarck's theory is based on four main principles. The first principle states that living organisms possess an inherent tendency toward greater complexity and perfection. According to Lamarck, simple organisms gradually evolve ________ _____ ____ ____ _________ ________ _________ __________ __________ ___ ____ ______.
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