Critically analyse the issues of autonomy and accountability in management of higher educational institutions. Give suitable examples.

The concept of autonomy has always been one of the major concerns of scholars since ancient times. The concept  first came into discussion in ancient Greece and  was later derived from the Greek words' auto'  and ‘nomos' . It  means one who gives oneself their own laws. Autonomy may be explained as thinking for yourself and acting on your  own desires while living in a free society whose laws give you the liberty to make your own decisions. The terms such  as independence, self-sufficiency, self-government, self-rule, and sovereignty are used as synonymous to  autonomy. Initially, the term was used to characterise states that were self-governing. But later on, it came to be widely understood  as characteristics of persons. Today, the concept of autonomy is used in both of the senses,  although philosophers deal with autonomy primarily as a virtue of the person.

In the education scenario, the most common understanding about the concept of “Autonomy” is that it refers to the  degree of professional independence to the institutions to make autonomous decisions about curriculum,  methodologies, natures of courses and programmes, etc. If you look back to our ancient literature, you will find that the ‘Guru’ of ancient Indian Ashram was always autonomous, deciding the curriculum for his ______ ______ ______ ____ ______ ____ ____ ____.
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