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Traditional chulhas have been used for centuries in rural and semi-urban households for cooking and heating purposes. They are usually constructed from locally available materials such as mud, clay, bricks, or stones and use biomass fuels like firewood, agricultural residues, dung cakes, and leaves. One of the main benefits of traditional chulhas is their low cost and simplicity. Since they are made from easily available materials, they require little financial investment and can be constructed by household members themselves. They also utilize biomass fuels that are widely available in rural areas, making them accessible to communities that may not have access to modern fuels such as LPG or electricity. In addition, traditional chulhas are culturally familiar and have been integrated into daily cooking practices for generations, making them easy for people to use without any special training. Another advantage of traditional chulhas is their ability to burn a wide variety of biomass materials. Households can use different forms of agricultural waste or forest residues depending on availability. This flexibility helps rural communities manage local resources efficiently. Furthermore, in many cases the ____ _____ _____ _________ _________.
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