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Open-cycle and closed-cycle gas turbine plants are two prominent systems used in energy conversion, each with distinct principles, efficiencies, and applications. In an open-cycle gas turbine, air is drawn from the atmosphere, compressed, mixed with fuel, and combusted. The resulting high-temperature, high-pressure gases expand through a turbine to produce mechanical work, which is usually converted to electricity via a generator. After expansion, the exhaust gases are released directly into the atmosphere, which makes the process straightforward and allows for rapid startup and shutdown. Open-cycle turbines typically achieve thermal efficiencies ranging from 30% to 40% under standard operating conditions. However, this efficiency can be enhanced when the open-cycle system is integrated into a combined-cycle setup, where the hot exhaust gases are used to produce steam for ____ _____ ____ ____ ________ _______ ___.
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