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JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) and Hibernate are two widely used technologies for developing database-driven applications in Java. Both provide a mechanism for interacting with relational databases, but they differ significantly in their approach, complexity, and level of abstraction. JDBC is a low-level API that requires developers to write SQL queries manually, whereas Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework that maps Java objects to database tables and automates many database operations. JDBC is a standard Java API that enables Java applications to connect to relational databases such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server. It requires developers to establish database connections, write SQL statements, execute queries, process result sets, and manage transactions manually. JDBC provides complete control over database operations, making it suitable for applications requiring optimized SQL queries and high-performance data access. Hibernate is an ORM framework that simplifies database programming by mapping Java classes to database tables. Developers interact with Java objects instead of writing SQL for every operation. Hibernate automatically generates SQL statements, manages object persistence, caching, transaction handling, and database portability. It reduces the ____ ________ ___ ____ _____.
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