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The Neolithic period marks a significant stage in the evolution of human society because it witnessed a gradual transition from hunting, gathering, and nomadic life to settled agriculture and village-based communities. In the Indian context, the Neolithic period developed at different times and in different forms across regions. Important Neolithic sites include Mehrgarh in the north-western subcontinent, Burzahom and Gufkral in Kashmir, Koldihwa and Mahagara in the Ganga valley, Chirand in Bihar, and several sites in southern India such as Utnur, Piklihal, Hallur and Tekkalakota. Although these communities differed according to their ecological surroundings, they shared important features such as food production, settled habitation, domestication of animals, technological development, and increasingly organized social relationships. The most important feature of Neolithic society was the development of agriculture. Earlier communities depended mainly on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. During the Neolithic period, people increasingly began to cultivate crops and deliberately produce food. Evidence from sites such as Mehrgarh indicates the cultivation of wheat and barley, while rice cultivation is associated with sites in the Ganga valley. Agriculture encouraged people to remain in one place for longer periods because crops required regular cultivation and harvesting. This process laid the foundation for permanent or semi-permanent settlements and brought about major changes in social organization. The domestication of animals was another important development. Neolithic communities domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and other animals. Animals provided meat, milk, hides, and other resources and later became useful for agricultural activities. In some parts of peninsular India, cattle played an especially important role in the economic life of communities. The relationship between humans and animals ______ ______ __________ _____ ____ _________ _____.
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