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The colonial forest policy in India was shaped primarily by the economic, political and strategic interests of the British colonial state. Forests, which had traditionally been closely connected with the livelihood, culture and social life of local communities, were gradually transformed into state-controlled resources. The colonial government viewed forests less as common ecological and social spaces and more as sources of revenue, timber and raw materials for imperial development. The nature of colonial forest policy can therefore be understood through the processes of state appropriation, commercialisation, restrictions on customary rights and the use of forests for strategic and administrative purposes. Before colonial intervention, forests were generally governed through diverse customary practices. Local communities used forests for grazing, hunting, collection of fuelwood, fruits, flowers, medicinal plants, fodder and timber. Tribal and peasant communities had developed systems of collective or customary rights over forest resources. These arrangements varied considerably from region to region, and they were not necessarily based on modern ideas of conservation. Nevertheless, forests were integrated into local economies and social institutions. The expansion of British rule increasingly disrupted these relationships. The earliest colonial interest in forests was strongly connected with timber. The expansion of the Royal Navy created a demand for durable timber for shipbuilding. ____ _______ _________ _______ ___ __________ ___ ________ ______ ______ ____.
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