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The process of urbanisation in India cannot be understood without considering the profound influence of colonial interests and ideologies, which reshaped the nature, function, and spatial organisation of urban centres during British rule. Prior to colonial intervention, Indian towns and cities were largely shaped by indigenous socio-economic structures, religious and cultural institutions, and local trade networks. Cities like Varanasi, Madurai, and Puri developed around religious, artisanal, or regional trading hubs, reflecting the traditional economic and social organization of their regions. However, with the arrival of European colonial powers, particularly the British East India Company, urbanisation began to acquire new dimensions that were aligned with imperial economic and administrative imperatives. One of the primary characteristics of colonial urbanisation in India was its functional segregation. British colonial authorities designed cities to serve administrative, military, and commercial purposes, rather than for indigenous civic development. The creation of cantonments, administrative quarters, and port towns illustrates this approach. For instance, cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta), ________ _____ ___ __________ _________ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____.
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