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Urban planning in the Harappan cities reflects one of the earliest examples of systematic and sophisticated urban development in the ancient world. The cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and others display remarkable planning features that indicate a high degree of civic consciousness and administrative organization. The layout of these cities was highly structured, emphasizing functionality, sanitation, and uniformity, which were essential for sustaining large populations in urban settings. A prominent feature of Harappan urban planning was the use of a grid system. Streets were laid out in a perpendicular pattern, forming rectangular or square blocks, which facilitated organized movement within the city. Main streets were wide enough to accommodate large traffic, while smaller lanes connected residential areas, indicating careful consideration of accessibility and transport within the city. This grid pattern demonstrates an advanced understanding of urban management and spatial organization that predates many contemporary civilizations. Another remarkable aspect was the division of the city into citadel and lower town. The citadel, often situated on a raised platform, housed important public buildings, administrative centers, granaries, and sometimes religious structures. This elevated area provided protection from floods and potential invasions, ______ ___ _____ _______ _____ ____ __________ ______ _____ ____.
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