Causal Comparative research design.

Causal-comparative research design, often referred to as ex post facto research, is a non-experimental research method that seeks to identify and establish causal relationships between variables by comparing groups that differ on a specific outcome of interest. This design is particularly useful in psychology when researchers are unable to manipulate the independent variable for ethical or practical reasons but still want to explore cause-and-effect relationships. Unlike experimental designs, causal-comparative studies do not involve random assignment or control over variables, meaning that the researcher observes existing groups rather than creating them.

The key aim of causal-comparative research is to determine whether the differences between groups are due to the independent variable. This approach often compares groups that have already been exposed to certain conditions, factors, or treatments to explore the effects those factors might have had. For example, researchers might compare individuals who have experienced a traumatic event with those who have not, ____ ___ _____ ________ __________ _____ ________.
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