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Bureaucratization in trade unions refers to the development of formal administrative structures, specialized leadership, rules, procedures, and permanent officials within trade union organizations. Although trade unions became especially important with the rise of industrial society, their organizational tendencies can also be understood in relation to older forms of collective organization found in ancient and medieval societies. Guilds, merchant associations, craft organizations, and occupational groups often developed systems of leadership and regulation that anticipated some features of modern bureaucratic organization. In ancient societies, occupational groups and merchant associations existed in several regions. In India, guilds or shrenis brought together artisans, traders, ________ __________ __________ _________ ___ _______ ________ _________ _____ ________.
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