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Body composition refers to the proportion of fat mass and fat-free mass (including bone, water, and muscle) in the human body. It is a fundamental aspect of human growth and development and varies significantly with age, sex, and racial or ethnic background. Understanding body composition provides essential insights into health status, physical development, metabolic functions, and risks associated with various diseases. In the context of human growth and development, it is important to evaluate how body composition changes over the lifespan and differs across racial and ethnic populations due to genetic, environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors. Body composition undergoes distinct changes from infancy to old age. In infancy, the human body has a relatively high fat percentage. At birth, body fat accounts for approximately 13–15% of body weight, but this can increase to about 25% by six months of age. This increased fat accumulation is essential for thermoregulation, energy storage, and growth support. During early childhood, fat mass tends to decrease slightly as children grow in height and develop more muscle mass, particularly in active individuals. As children transition into adolescence, puberty initiates significant changes in body composition. In boys, the onset of puberty is associated with an increase in lean body mass (muscle), bone density, and a relative decrease in body fat percentage. This is driven largely by the influence of testosterone, which promotes muscle growth. Conversely, in girls, puberty results in a moderate increase in fat mass due to the effects of estrogen, with fat typically deposited in the hips, thighs, and breasts. While both sexes gain weight and height during this phase, the body composition changes are gender-specific and reflect their respective reproductive _________ _______ ____ ____ ______.
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