Briefly examine the main features of Bronze Age civilization in China

MAIN FEATURES OF BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION IN CHINA

1 Bronze Age Objects and Bronze Technology

The largest collection of bronze objects anywhere in the world are to be found in China. Scholars find it difficult to put an end date to the Bronze Age civilization in China because bronze objects continued to be produced and utilized for ritual and other purposes in significant quantities even after the use of iron technology commenced there. The bronze objects produced in China in this period were mainly vessels and weapons. After the introduction of the horse drawn chariot into China around 1200 BCE, bronze fittings for the chariots were also made. The great majority of bronze vessels found were associated with wine: either wine warming or pouring vessels, or goblets for drinking. Another very typical bronze vessel found was the ding or tripod cooking vessel. That these were often used for ritual or ceremonial purposes can be seen from the size of some of the vessels found. The largest of these weighed over one ton! Another distinctive feature of the bronze vessels from China is that they had intricate designs all over the surface. These give the bronzes a strong aesthetic appeal beyond their utilitarian functions. Recent excavations in central China have led to the discovery of bronze objects very distinct from those in the north, representing an altogether different culture. These include ceremonial bells in the lower Yangzi river region. The most remarkable bronze objects, however, were discovered at Sanxingdui in southwestern China. These include bronze masks, and human and animal figures, including the world’s earliest life-size standing human figure made of bronze. Despite variety in the style of bronze objects found, they all employed a common technique of production: bronze casting using ceramic moulds. In this method, first a model of the object was made in clay. After this was fired, another layer of clay was laid over the original model and this layer was then cut into sections and removed. A thin layer was shaved off between the two clay models to leave a small gap between them when the outer layer was reassembled. The molten metal (some variant of copper-tin-lead mix) was then poured into the gap. After it cooled, the outer layer was removed section by section, revealing the bronze object, which was then polished. An interesting feature was that the design was not etched onto the surface of the bronze after it was cooled. Rather, it was made on the interior of the mould itself, so that it was cast along with the object. Bronze casting as practiced in China was a more sophisticated and complex process than that of hammering the metal into shape practiced elsewhere, such as in Ancient Greece. According to an archaeologist and art historian, Robert Bagley, this showed both the abundance of metal ores and of labour available (Bagley, 1999:141). It also permitted a more efficient division of labour and the production of bronze on a large scale. Since copper ore was mined in central China, it had to be transported a great distance to north China using the _____ ____ _____ _____ ____ ______ _____.
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