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Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) play a crucial role in managing urban development and providing essential civic infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, waste management, roads, public health services, street lighting, and urban planning. With rapid urbanization, cities are facing increasing challenges related to population growth, environmental sustainability, housing shortages, and demand for better public services. The effectiveness of ULBs in addressing these challenges depends on their institutional capacity, administrative autonomy, financial strength, and ability to implement development programmes efficiently. The functional effectiveness of ULBs in managing modern civic infrastructure remains mixed. On the positive side, many ULBs have contributed significantly to improving urban services through initiatives such as smart city development, digital governance, improved waste management systems, and infrastructure modernization projects. Municipal corporations in larger cities have adopted technology-based solutions like online service delivery, geographic information systems (GIS), and automated monitoring systems to enhance efficiency and transparency. ULBs also act as important institutions ________ ___ _______ __________ ______ _____.
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