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Open-access publishing has significantly transformed the traditional framework of copyright agreements in academic and scientific communication. Traditionally, scholarly publishing operated through a subscription-based model where authors transferred most or all copyright ownership to publishers. This arrangement allowed publishers to control the distribution, reproduction, and accessibility of research articles. However, the emergence of open-access publishing has introduced new approaches that emphasize wider availability of knowledge while creating changes in copyright management. In conventional publishing, authors often sign copyright transfer agreements that grant exclusive rights to publishers. These agreements limit authors’ ability to share their own research, reuse published materials, or distribute articles among wider audiences. ___ _________ ______ ______ ______.
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