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Federalism and democratic decentralisation are closely connected features of India’s democratic system. Federalism refers to the constitutional distribution of powers between the Union and the States, while democratic decentralisation involves transferring political, administrative and financial powers from higher levels of government to elected local institutions. In India, decentralisation extends the federal principle to the grassroots by enabling people to participate directly in governance through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies. The Constitution originally established a two-tier federal structure consisting of the Union and State governments. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 strengthened this arrangement by providing constitutional status to rural and urban local governments. The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules identified subjects that could be entrusted to Panchayats and Municipalities. Gram Sabhas, regular local elections, reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women, and State Election _______ ___ ______ ____ _____ ____ __________.
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