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Post-harvest handling of spices and condiments plays a decisive role in preserving their intrinsic quality attributes such as color, aroma, flavor, essential oil content, pungency, and microbial safety. Immediately after harvest, operations such as cleaning, sorting, grading, drying, curing, and proper storage determine the extent of quantitative and qualitative losses. Spices like black pepper, turmeric, chilli, cardamom, coriander, and cumin are highly susceptible to moisture absorption, microbial contamination, insect infestation, and loss of volatile compounds. Scientific post-harvest handling reduces these losses and ensures uniformity required for both domestic consumption and export markets. Drying is one of the most critical primary operations. Traditional sun drying is widely practiced, but it often results in uneven drying, contamination, and discoloration due to dust and uncontrolled weather conditions. Mechanical dryers, solar dryers, and controlled hot air systems ensure uniform moisture reduction to safe levels, generally below 10–12 percent depending on the spice. For instance, proper drying of turmeric rhizomes after boiling _____ _____ _____ __________ ________ ______.
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