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The evolution of coalition politics at the state level in India has been deeply influenced by the country’s federal structure, multi-party system, regional diversity, and the dynamics of electoral competition. In the early decades after independence, politics at the state level was largely dominated by the Indian National Congress, which enjoyed overwhelming support across regions. This dominance was a result of its central role in the independence movement, its organizational strength, and the absence of strong regional alternatives. However, as democratic processes deepened, social structures transformed, and regional aspirations gained prominence, coalition politics emerged as a significant feature of governance in many states. In the first two decades after 1947, coalition politics was rare at the state level. The Congress party’s control was near total, except in a few cases such as Kerala in 1957, where the Communist Party of India formed a government with other smaller groups. This period reflected a single-party dominant system where opposition forces were fragmented. The turning point began in the late 1960s, when the Congress split in 1969 and regional parties started gaining momentum. In states like Tamil Nadu, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) came to power in 1967, displacing the Congress for the first time through alliances with smaller parties and by capitalizing on linguistic and cultural identity politics. This signaled that state politics could be driven by local issues rather than the national agenda alone. The 1970s saw an increase in coalition arrangements in __________ __________ _________ ______ __________ ______ _______.
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