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Haemoglobin is a complex protein present in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It consists of four globin chains, each associated with a haem group containing iron. In normal adults, the major haemoglobin is HbA, composed of two alpha (α) and two beta (β) chains. Abnormal haemoglobins are structurally or functionally altered forms of haemoglobin produced due to mutations in the genes coding for globin chains. They are ___ ___ _____ ____ ____ __________ ___ ________ _____ ______ _________ ___.
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