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a) Random Sampling: Random sampling is a probability sampling method in which every member of the population has an equal or known chance of being selected for the study. The researcher selects participants randomly rather than according to personal preference. Common methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling. It reduces selection bias and increases the possibility of obtaining a representative sample. However, it may require a complete sampling frame and can be difficult when the population is widely dispersed. b) Errors in Measurement: Errors in measurement occur when the value recorded by a researcher differs from the true value of the characteristic being measured. Such errors may arise from faulty instruments, poorly worded questions, respondent misunderstanding, interviewer bias, recording mistakes, or inappropriate measurement procedures. Errors may be random or _______ ___ ___ ________ _____ ____ _________ _____ _______.
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