Word Count : 1315

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a) Structuralism is an intellectual movement that seeks to understand human knowledge, language, culture, and society by analyzing the underlying structures that organize them. Ferdinand de Saussure, regarded as the father of modern linguistics, laid the foundation of Structuralism through his revolutionary analysis of language. He argued that language is not merely a collection of words but a structured system of signs whose elements derive meaning from their relations with one another. Saussure distinguished between *langue* and *parole*. *Langue* refers to the abstract system of language shared by a community, including its grammar and rules, whereas *parole* denotes the actual speech acts of individuals. Structuralism emphasizes the study of *langue* because it represents the stable structure underlying linguistic expression. According to Saussure, every linguistic sign consists of two inseparable components: the *signifier* and the *signified*. The signifier is the sound pattern or written form of a word, while the signified is the concept associated with it. The relation between them is arbitrary; there is no natural connection between a word and the object it represents. For example, the word "tree" has no inherent relation to the actual object. Saussure further argued that meaning arises through differences rather than intrinsic properties. A word has meaning because it differs from other words within the language system. Thus, language functions as a __________ ________ _________ _________ _____ __________ ________ __________.
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