a) Define standard enthalpy of formation and describe a method for its direct determination with the help of an example.

Standard enthalpy of formation (\( \Delta H_f^{\circ} \)) is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states, with all reactants and products also in their standard states, at a specified temperature and pressure. It is a measure of the stability of a compound relative to its elements.

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