2.Examine the challenges to sovereignty of nation-state in the globalising world.

The permeability of national borders has tremendously increased in the face of electronic commerce and other technology-driven innovations which have rendered the territorial state more susceptible to external influences. As Ian Douglas observed, it's "the ascendance of the 'stateless corporation', the emergence of the trillion dollar '24-hour, integrated global financial market-place', the sharpening of competition under capital mobility and the 'law of one price', the proliferation of foreign direct investment, the increase in intercontinental migration, and the emergence of a 'global information society'. Everything from the rise of neoliberal transnational technocracy to crises of governance, ecology and citizenship, from the fragmentation of institutions and institutional boundaries, to decolonization, democratization, pluralism and sub-nationalism" (in Gills 110).

It is these characteristics that make up the dynamic process of globalization; however with these changes come instability and people feeling anxious about their well-being and security.
To understand the present, we need to examine the past and its impact on current events. A pivotal moment in human history was the Treaty of Westphalia signed in 1648 which ended the Thirty Years War in Medieval Europe, and brought about a new world order through the creation of the state system deemed to establish peace and stability. This system defined state sovereignty within a political space by the institution of citizenship, and conceived such concepts as state's interests, security, and power in determining its behavior and the making of its foreign policy. According to many scholars, globalization is transforming this Westphalian paradigm by changing the notion of state territoriality from state-restrictive to transnational space. State control over space and time is increasingly bypassed by global flows of capital, goods, services, technology, communication, cultural penetration, and information.
Economic globalization has brought about mixed results. On the one hand, it has raised the standards of living for several hundred million people in Asia; and as certain indications have shown, when countries reach a certain level of development, pressures to improve workplace and environmental conditions give those countries a confident voice on the global stage as they challenge inequities and biases of geopolitical structures. On the other hand, international capital movements, impelled by market sovereignty, have created new inequalities of every variety as they concentrate the benefits of growth upon already advantaged sectors within and among societies and worsening the relative and absolute conditions of those more disadvantaged (Richard Falk in Gills 47-49).
Some scholars view globalization as a "paradigm shift" in that it involves a cultural and social shift in our value system, lifestyle, and our recognition and acceptance of the diversity of the 'other', whether ________ ____ ______ ________ ___ __________ _______ _____ ______ ____ ___.
___ __________ _____ _________ ______ ______ ______ _________ ______.
__________ ____ ____ _______ ____ ___ ______ _______ _______ _________ ____ ____.
______ ______ ________ ______ ___ ______ _______ _______ ______ ___.
_____ ___ ________ _________ ________ _______ _____ ______ ______ ________.
_________ _____ ______ ___ _____ ________ ___ _________ _________ _____ _____ _____.
______ ________ ____ _______ ______ ___ _________ _________ _____ ______ _________.
_____ _____ _______ ___ ________ ______ ________ ___ __________ _______ _____.
______ ______ ______ ___ _________ _______ _________ _________ _______ _____ ______.
_______ ______ ___ _________ _______ ______ _____ ________ ______.
_________ _________ __________ ____ ________ ____ __________ ______ ______ ________ _______ _____.
______ ______ ___ ________ _____ ____ ________ _________ ________.
____ ____ ______ __________ ________ ____ ____ ________.
________ __________ ________ _____ _________ ______ ___ _____ _____ _____ ______.
__________ _____ ___ ______ __________ _____ _______ _____.
__________ _________ _____ ________ ____ _______ ____ _______ ____ _________ __________ ________.
_________ ____ ____ _______ ________ ____ ______ ____ __________ _______ _______ ________.
________ _______ ____ _______ ___ _____ _________ ____.
_________ _________ _________ ___ _______ _________ __________ ____ ___.
____ ____ __________ ______ _________ __________ __________.
_________ ________ _____ _____ _________ _______ ____.
____ _______ ______ ___ __________ ___ __________ ___.
__________ ___ ______ ______ __________ __________ ______ _______ ________ ___ _________.
_________ ______ ____ ______ ___ __________ ___ ______.
_________ ______ ___ _________ _____ _______ ________ _______ _________ _____.
___ ____ _________ __________ _______ ________ ________ ____ _____ _______.
________ _____ ______ __________ ___ _______ _____ _______ _________ _______.
____ __________ __________ _______ __________ ___ ________.
_____ _____ _______ ______ ____ _____ _______ ________ ________ _____ ___.
______ ________ ________ _________ ___ _____ ________ __________ ________ _____ __________ _______.
______ ______ ________ _______ ________ ________.
_________ __________ _____ _____ ____.
_________ ____ ____ ______ ____ _________ __________ ______.
______ _________ _______ _____ _______ ____ ____ ________ ______ ____ __________.
___ __________ _______ _________ ____ _____ _______ _____ __________ _________.
________ ______ _________ _________ _______ _________ __________ _____.
__________ ____ ___ _____ ____.
_________ _________ __________ _______ ___ _______ _______ ______.
______ ______ ______ ___ _____ _________ _______ _______ _________ ______ ___.
_________ ____ ____ ______ _________ ___ ____ ______ ______ _____ _____.
____ _____ ______ _________ ____.
_________ _______ _____ ___ ________ ________ ____ ______ ___ ____ ______.
_________ _______ ________ ________ __________ _______ ___ ___ _______ _______ _______.
________ _____ ____ _____ ______ ___ ________ __________ _________.
______ _____ ______ __________ _________ _____ _________ _______ _______ _______ ________.
__________ ____ _____ ______ ____ ____ ______.
____ ____ ______ _____ _________ ________.
_________ __________ _______ ________ ________ ___ _________ _______ __________ _____ ___.
_______ ___ _____ ______ ___ ____.
__________ _______ __________ _________ __________ ________ _______.
_______ ____ _____ _____ __________ ___.
_______ ________ ____ _______ _______ __________ ____ _______ _________ ________ ________ _____.
__________ _____ ______ ___ ____ ________ __________ _________ _________.
_______ _____ ______ ___ _________ ____ ________ _______.
________ ______ ______ __________ _______ _____ __________ _______.
_____ _______ ______ _________ _____ ____ _________ ______ ___.
_____ ____ ___ _____ _____ _________ ____ ___.
_________ ____ __________ __________ _______ ________ ___ ____ _____.
___ _______ _________ _________ ____ _______ ______ ______ ________ ___ __________.
___ ________ __________ _______ ____ ______ ________ _________ _________ _______ __________ __________.
________ ____ __________ _______ ______ ________ _____ _________ _________ _____ ________.
_________ __________ _______ ___ _________ _____ _____ _____.
_____ ___ ___ __________ _____ ______ _______.
______ _____ ________ ____ ________.
____ _______ ____ _________ ___ _____ __________ _____ ___ __________.
_________ ________ _____ ______ ____ _____ _____ ________ _________ _________ __________ _____.
____ ______ _________ ___ _______ _________.
_________ _________ _________ _____ ____ _________ _______ ______ _____ _______ ____.
_____ __________ __________ _________ ____ ______ _________ ___ ______.
___ _________ ________ ____ __________ _________ _____ __________.
_____ ________ ___ ______ ____ _________ __________ __________ _________ ______ ______.
_______ ___ ___ _________ _________ __________ _________.
___ _________ ____ ________ ________ _____.
_______ _________ _________ ______ _______ __________ _________.
_____ __________ ___ _________ ______ _______ __________.
________ ___ _______ ___ ___ ____ ________ __________ ______ ____ __________.
_________ ___ ________ _________ ________ ______.
_____ __________ _____ ___ _____ ___ _______ __________ __________.
_______ _______ _______ __________ _________ ___ _____.
_________ __________ ___ ____ ______ ___ ____ ______.
______ _______ ________ __________ _______ ____ __________ _________ _______ __________ ___ ___.
__________ ________ _________ ______ ______ _________ ____ _________ ___ __________ _______.
_____ __________ __________ __________ ___ _____ __________ __________.
__________ ______ _________ _____ ___ _______.
___ ______ _____ _______ _________ _______ ________ ____ _________ ________ _____.
______ _____ ____ _______ ______ _________ ______ ________ _________ _________.
__________ _____ _________ _________ _____ __________ _______ _____ _______ ____ _______.
________ _______ _______ _________ __________ ________ _______ ________ ______.
_______ _______ ____ _____ _________ ________ _______ ___ _________.
____ ________ ____ _______ _________.
______ ______ _______ ________ ______ _________ ___ ____ ______.
______ ______ _______ _________ _______ __________ ________ ______.
___ _________ _____ __________ ______ _______ __________ __________ __________ ___ __________ ______.
____ ____ _______ _______ ________ ___ _____ _______ _______ _______ ________.
____ ____ _________ _____ ______ __________.
____ ______ ____ _______ _____ ___ _____.
________ __________ ______ _________ _______ _______ __________ ______ ____.
____ _______ __________ ____ __________ ______.
______ _____ _____ _________ _________.
_________ ________ _____ _____ _________ ___ _____.
_______ _________ _________ ____ __________.
__________ ____ _________ ____ ____ __________ ___ ________ _________ ____ ________ ______.
_______ ______ _______ _________ ____ ____.
______ _________ ___ _____ _______ _________ _______.
__________ _____ _____ _____ __________ ________ __________ _______.
_________ ______ ______ ________ ____ _________ ___ __________ ____ ______ _____.
______ ____ _____ __________ _________ ________ _______ ___ ___.
____ _____ __________ _________ _______ _____ ______ _______.
____ _____ ________ _____ ___.
__________ ___ ______ ____ _______.
_______ ____ _______ ___ ___ ___ ____ _________ _____ ________ _______ __________.
___ ________ _______ __________ ______ _______ ___ _____ ______ ____.
_________ ________ _________ _____ ____ ________ ______ ____ _________ _____ ________ __________.
___ _______ ________ _______ _____ ____ _______.
_____ ___ ___ _____ _________ ________ ________ ____ __________ __________.
________ _____ ________ __________ ________ _______ _______.
____ ___ _____ ________ _______ ___ __________ ___.
_______ _______ __________ __________ ______ ________.
______ __________ ___ ______ ____ ________ ____ _______ _____ _______.
_________ _________ _____ _________ ______.
_______ ___ ______ __________ ____ ________ ___ ___.
_________ ___ __________ _________ _______.
__________ _________ __________ ________ __________ _________ ______ ________ ________ ___.
______ _____ _________ _______ __________ ___ ________.
___ _____ ______ _________ __________ _____ ___.
________ _____ _______ ______ _________ _________ __________ _________ ________.
__________ ____ ________ _________ ______.
_______ ____ __________ ___ ___ ________ ______ _____ ___.
_______ ______ ______ ____ __________ ___ _________ _________ _____ ______ ____ ________.
____ ____ ____ _________ _________ ______ __________ _____ _________.
___ ___ _______ _____ _______ _________ _________ ___ ___ _______ _________ ____.
__________ _____ __________ ________ ____ _____ ____.
________ _____ ______ ________ ____ ________ _____ _______ ____ ________ _____ ________.
___ ____ ___ ______ ______ ______ _____ _____ ____ __________ _______.
________ _______ ____ ___ ____ ________ ___.
_______ _______ _____ ____ ____ ______ ____ ________ _______ ________ ______ _________.
_________ __________ _________ ________ ___ ______ _________ ________ _____ _________ ___.
___ ___ ___ _______ ____ ______.
_______ _______ ______ __________ ________ ______ ______ _____ ______.
__________ _____ _____ __________ __________.
__________ _______ ____ ___ ______ _____ __________ ___.
_______ _______ _________ _____ ________.
__________ ___ ________ ___ _________ ___ _________ ____ _____ ____.
_______ ________ _____ _________ __________ _____ _____ ___ ________ ___.
________ __________ _________ ______ _________ ______ ____ ____.
_________ ______ ___ ___ _______ _________ ______.
__________ _________ _____ __________ _______ __________ _______ _____ _________ ____ ________ ___.
____ _________ __________ ____ ______ ____ _______ __________ _________.
______ ______ ______ ___ __________ ________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp