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i. Biotransformation of toxicants refers to the biochemical processes by which the body modifies and eliminates foreign chemical substances, including food contaminants, additives, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. These processes primarily occur in the liver but also take place in other organs such as the kidneys, lungs, and intestines. The main objective of biotransformation is to convert lipophilic (fat-soluble) toxicants into more hydrophilic (water-soluble) compounds so that they can be excreted through urine or bile. Biotransformation generally occurs in two phases. Phase I reactions involve functionalization processes such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, mainly mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. These reactions introduce or expose functional groups like hydroxyl or amino groups, often increasing the chemical reactivity of ______ ________ _______ ___ _______.
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