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The classical theatre forms of India represent a rich synthesis of literature, music, dance, gesture, costume, and spirituality, deeply rooted in ancient traditions and codified principles. These forms evolved over centuries, drawing theoretical foundation primarily from the *Natyashastra*, attributed to Bharata Muni, which lays down comprehensive guidelines on dramaturgy, acting techniques, stagecraft, and aesthetics. The essence of Indian classical theatre lies in the concept of *rasa*, the emotional flavor or sentiment evoked in the audience, achieved through the coordinated expression of *bhava* (emotion), *abhinaya* (expression), and stylized performance. Among the oldest surviving traditions is Kutiyattam, practiced in temple theatres called *koothambalams* in Kerala. It is recognized for its elaborate gestures, highly codified facial expressions, and use of Sanskrit along with regional languages like Prakrit. The performances are slow-paced and can extend over several days, allowing deep exploration of characters and emotions. The actor’s eye movements and subtle facial expressions play a crucial role in conveying meaning, often accompanied by the percussion instrument *mizhavu*. This form is considered one of the earliest _____ _________ _____ _________ _____ __________ ________.
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