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The N Queens problem is a classical combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction problem in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning laboratories, frequently used to demonstrate the power of backtracking algorithms. The objective is to place N queens on an N × N chessboard such that no two queens attack each other. In chess, a queen can attack another queen if they share the same row, column, or diagonal. Therefore, the challenge lies in arranging N queens so that each queen is placed in a unique row and column, and no two queens lie on the same diagonal. The backtracking approach is particularly suitable for this problem because it incrementally builds candidates to the solution and abandons a candidate as soon as it determines that the candidate cannot possibly lead to a valid complete solution. Backtracking is a depth-first search algorithmic technique that systematically explores all possible configurations. It places queens one by one in different columns, and before placing a queen in a particular cell, it checks whether the placement ___ ________ _________ ___ ____ __________ _______ ______ ______ ______ _______ ________.
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