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Web mapping has evolved significantly over the past few decades, playing a crucial role in geoinformatics and disaster management. It enables the visualization, analysis, and sharing of spatial data through web-based platforms. This development has transformed traditional cartography into an interactive and dynamic system that allows real-time access to geospatial data. Understanding the history of web mapping helps trace the trajectory of technological advancements and their applications in disaster management, where time-sensitive and location-specific information is vital. The origins of web mapping can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s, when Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were first developed. However, these early systems were confined to mainframe computers and were not accessible to the general public. The maps were static and used mainly by government agencies and research institutions for planning and scientific purposes. The cost of computing and the limitations of technology at the time restricted the widespread use of GIS tools. The 1980s marked the beginning of a shift towards more accessible GIS tools, driven by the proliferation of personal computers. During this period, software such as ArcInfo by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) began gaining popularity. Although web mapping was not yet realized, this era laid the foundation by digitizing map data and enhancing spatial analysis capabilities. Disaster management agencies started using these tools for vulnerability assessment, hazard zonation, and risk mapping, albeit in offline environments. The real breakthrough in web mapping came in the 1990s with the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web. In 1993, the Xerox PARC Map Viewer was one of the first known interactive web-based mapping systems. It allowed users to view street maps via a web browser, though with limited interactivity. The University of Minnesota developed MapServer in the mid-1990s, which was a major _______ ______ ____ __________ _____ ______.
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