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Translation is a complex intellectual and linguistic activity that involves the transfer of meaning from one language to another while preserving the original message, style, and cultural essence. The study of translation has expanded significantly with the development of modern linguistics, psychology, and communication theory. In the context of Anuvad aur Bhashavigyan, translation is not merely a mechanical substitution of words but a cognitive and communicative process that requires deep understanding of both source and target languages. Translation studies now incorporate interdisciplinary approaches, among which psycholinguistics plays an important role in explaining how translation occurs in the human mind. Translation can be defined as the process of reproducing the meaning of a text written in one language into another language. The main objective of translation is to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages and cultures. In linguistic studies, translation is considered a bridge that connects different linguistic communities. Early translation practices focused mainly on word-to-word substitution, but modern translation theory emphasizes sense-for-sense translation. The development of structural and functional linguistics has influenced translation theory by highlighting the importance of semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic elements of language. Translation involves several components including source text analysis, comprehension, transfer of meaning, and production of the target text. The translator must possess strong knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and cultural context of both languages. Linguistic competence alone is not sufficient; cultural competence is equally necessary because languages are deeply embedded in social and cultural environments. Many expressions cannot be translated literally because they carry cultural connotations that may not exist in the target language. Therefore, translators often adopt strategies such as adaptation, modulation, and equivalence to maintain the natural flow of meaning. Psycholinguistics __________ _________ ________ ____ _____ _____ ___ ________.
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