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Translation is a complex intellectual and linguistic activity that involves the transfer of meaning from one language to another while preserving the original message, style, and cultural essence. The study of translation has expanded significantly with the development of modern linguistics, psychology, and communication theory. In the context of Anuvad aur Bhashavigyan, translation is not merely a mechanical substitution of words but a cognitive and communicative process that requires deep understanding of both source and target languages. Translation studies now incorporate interdisciplinary approaches, among which psycholinguistics plays an important role in explaining how translation occurs in the human mind. Translation can be defined as the process of reproducing the meaning of a text written in one language into another language. The main objective of translation is to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages and cultures. In linguistic studies, translation is considered a bridge that connects different linguistic communities. Early translation practices focused mainly on word-to-word substitution, but modern translation theory emphasizes sense-for-sense translation. The development of structural and functional linguistics has influenced translation theory by highlighting the importance of semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic elements of language. ___ _______ _________ ____ ___ ___ ______.
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