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While estimating masonry work, the quantity is generally calculated from the actual dimensions of walls, piers, partitions, etc., after applying the standard rules for deductions. The purpose of these rules is to obtain a uniform and practical method of measurement and to avoid unnecessary deductions for small items such as wall bearings and embedded structural members. For masonry, the basic quantity is calculated as: Masonry quantity = Length × Breadth (or thickness) × Height The dimensions are normally taken from architectural and structural drawings. The length of a wall is measured along its centre line or between specified faces, depending upon the method adopted. The thickness is taken as the actual thickness of the masonry, and the height is measured from the appropriate floor or foundation level up to the underside of the slab, beam, roof, or other terminating member. Openings such as doors, windows, ventilators, and large recesses are deducted from the masonry quantity according to standard measurement rules. However, not every small opening or embedded member is deducted. The following conventions are commonly followed in building estimation. 1. Openings in masonry walls: Openings for doors, windows and ventilators are deducted when their areas or volumes fall within the limits prescribed by the applicable standard method of measurement. Large openings are deducted from the masonry quantity because the masonry that would otherwise occupy the opening does not actually exist. For example, for a wall containing a door opening: ```text Wall ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DOOR │ │ │ │ OPENING │ │ │ │ │ │ └──────┴─────────────┴──────┘ ``` The volume of the door opening is calculated as: Length of opening × Height of opening × Wall thickness and is deducted from the gross volume of masonry wherever the opening qualifies for deduction. 2. Small openings: Small openings below the specified measurement limit are generally not deducted. This convention ________ ________ __________ ____ __________ _____ ______ _____ ___ ______.
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