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The Meiji Restoration, which began in 1868, marked a profound transformation in Japan's political, social, and economic structures. It represented the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal military government that had ruled Japan since the early 17th century, and the restoration of imperial authority under Emperor Meiji. This restoration was not merely a political change; it was a comprehensive effort to modernize Japan and prevent its subjugation by Western powers. The movement was motivated by the realization that Japan needed to strengthen itself in order to survive in an era of Western imperialism, especially after the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853 and the unequal treaties that followed, which exposed Japan's military and technological backwardness. The central idea of the Meiji Restoration was the consolidation of power under the emperor, which facilitated a series of radical reforms aimed at transforming Japanese society. The political reforms involved dismantling the feudal domains and replacing them with a centralized bureaucratic state. The samurai class, who had traditionally held military and administrative authority, were gradually stripped of their privileges, leading to social restructuring. Additionally, the Meiji government introduced a constitution in 1889 and established a parliamentary system, though real power largely remained with the ___ _______ _______ ________ __________.
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