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Microarray technology is based on the principle of nucleic acid hybridization, where single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences specifically bind to complementary sequences immobilized on a solid surface. This allows the simultaneous measurement of expression levels of thousands of genes or the detection of genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The specificity and sensitivity of the microarray rely on the complementary base-pairing between the probe and the target sequence, making it a powerful tool in genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular diagnostics. The design of a microarray begins with probe design, which involves selecting short oligonucleotide sequences or cDNA fragments that are complementary to the target genes of interest. Probes must be unique to their target to avoid cross-hybridization _______ ________ _______ ____ _____ _________ ______ ______ ____.
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