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Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, swidden agriculture, or rotational bush fallow system, is a traditional agricultural practice primarily found in tropical forested regions such as Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, and Northeast India. It is a form of subsistence farming where a plot of land is cleared of natural vegetation—typically through cutting and burning—cultivated for a few years, and then abandoned when the soil fertility declines. The cultivators then move on to a new patch of forested land and repeat the process. The previously used land is left fallow to regenerate its fertility naturally over a period of years before being reused. In the context of social anthropology, shifting cultivation is more than just an agricultural method; it is a cultural and ecological adaptation rooted in the social organization, cosmology, and economy of indigenous and tribal communities. It is deeply integrated into the social fabric, kinship relations, and ritual life of the people practicing it. The anthropological study of shifting cultivation provides critical insights into the relationship between human societies and their environment, traditional ecological knowledge, and the dynamics of sustainability and land use. Shifting cultivation involves a cycle that typically includes site selection, cutting of vegetation, drying and burning, cultivation, and eventual fallowing. The cultivation phase generally lasts two to three years, during which crops such as millets, maize, tubers, pulses, and _____ _____ __________ __________ _____.
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