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The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest urban cultures in the world, flourishing around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of South Asia, primarily in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It is considered a significant focus of archaeological anthropology because of its advanced urban planning, social organization, and material culture, which contribute significantly to our understanding of early human civilizations. The civilization was first discovered in the 1920s with the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro by archaeologists like Daya Ram Sahni and R.D. Banerji. Since then, hundreds of Harappan sites have been uncovered, stretching from the Himalayan foothills in the north to Gujarat in the south, and from the Makran coast in the west to the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the east. It is one of the three early cradles of civilization, along with Mesopotamia and Egypt, and represents a sophisticated level of societal development in the ancient world. One of the most remarkable characteristics of the Indus Valley Civilization is its urban planning. Archaeological evidence shows that the cities were laid out in a grid pattern, with streets running north-south and east-west, intersecting at right angles. This form of planning indicates a high level of engineering and administrative skills. Cities such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were divided into two main parts: the Citadel and the Lower Town. The Citadel, built on a raised platform, was likely used for administrative and religious purposes, while the Lower Town housed residential structures and workshops. Another outstanding feature of the civilization was its drainage and sanitation systems. The cities had well-planned drainage networks with covered drains along the main streets and soak pits and inspection holes at regular intervals. Individual houses were often _______ ____ _________ _____ __________ _______ ________ _________ ________ _________ ______ _____.
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