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Globalization is a multidimensional process that refers to the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of nations, economies, cultures, technologies, and governance systems across the world. It signifies the integration of markets, people, and ideas at a scale and speed never witnessed before in human history. With the advancement of technology, transport, communication, and international cooperation, the barriers between countries have become increasingly blurred, allowing goods, services, information, and even social values to move freely across borders. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a transformative role because it directly influences how societies design, manage, and implement solutions for urbanization, resource utilization, and global challenges such as climate change. The pace of globalization has accelerated in recent decades due to several interrelated reasons. One of the most prominent factors is the rapid advancement in information and communication technology. The internet, digital platforms, and innovations in artificial intelligence and data analytics have revolutionized the way people interact and businesses operate. Transactions that once took days or weeks can now be completed in seconds across vast distances. For smart cities, such technology enables real-time management of energy systems, transportation networks, and waste disposal, ensuring efficiency and sustainability while being interconnected with global standards. Another significant factor contributing to the enhanced pace of globalization is the liberalization of trade and investment policies. Many governments have reduced tariffs, dismantled protectionist barriers, and welcomed foreign investment, making it easier for companies to establish global supply chains. This free movement of capital and goods has allowed cities to access international markets, foster industrial growth, and create employment ________ _____ ______ ____ __________ _______.
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