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An ecosystem is a functional and structural unit of nature in which living organisms interact among themselves and with the physical environment through the exchange of energy, matter, and information. It represents a dynamic complex of biotic communities such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, together with abiotic components like air, water, soil, and climatic factors, all functioning as a single system. The concept of ecosystem emphasizes interdependence, as no organism exists in isolation; instead, each depends on others and on environmental conditions for survival. Ecosystems may be small and temporary, such as a puddle or a fallen log, or large and permanent, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, rivers, oceans, and urban ecosystems. Regardless of size, all ecosystems operate through basic processes like productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow, which maintain ecological balance and support life on Earth. The components of an ecosystem are broadly classified into abiotic and biotic components, both of which are essential for its structure and functioning. Abiotic components refer to the non-living physical and chemical __________ ________ _____ _________ _______ _____.
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