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The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and serves as the interface between end users and the underlying network services. It enables software applications to communicate over a network by providing standardized protocols that define how data is requested, transmitted, and received. From an information security perspective, the Application Layer is highly significant because it directly interacts with user inputs, sensitive data, and business logic, making it a primary target for cyberattacks such as phishing, malware distribution, session hijacking, and _____ ___ _________ ______ _______ _________ _______ ___ ______.
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