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Trademark infringement occurs when an unauthorized person uses a mark that is identical or deceptively similar to a registered trademark in a manner that is likely to cause confusion among the public regarding the origin of goods or services. The law relating to trademarks provides a comprehensive framework of remedies to protect the rights of the trademark owner and to prevent misuse. These remedies are primarily classified into civil remedies, criminal remedies, and administrative remedies, each designed to ensure effective enforcement of trademark rights. Civil remedies are the most commonly invoked remedies in cases of trademark infringement. The primary civil remedy is an injunction, which may be either temporary (interim) or permanent. A temporary injunction is granted at the initial stage of a suit to restrain the defendant from continuing the infringing activity until the final decision is made. Courts generally grant such injunctions when the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, balance of convenience in their favor, and the likelihood of irreparable harm. A permanent injunction is granted after the final hearing, restraining the defendant permanently from using the infringing mark. Injunctions are significant as they prevent further damage to the goodwill and reputation associated with the trademark. Another important civil remedy is the award of damages. Damages are monetary compensation awarded to the plaintiff for the loss suffered due to the infringement. The purpose is to place the injured party in the position they would have been in had the infringement not occurred. Courts may assess damages based on actual loss, loss of profits, or injury to __________ _________ _________ ____ ______ _______ ________ _______ ______ _________.
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