. What are the objections of Karl-Otto Apel against previous moral theories? Discuss.

German philosophers Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel are considered the originators of modern discourse ethics. ... It is also a cognitivist moral theory, which means it holds that justifying the validity of moral norms can be done in a manner analogous to the justification of facts.

Karl-Otto Apel feels that moral philosophy has failed, until now, to provide a satisfactory answer. The teleological theory, for example, as first proposed by Aristotle, fails to provide an adequate answer, because, according to Apel, Telos as conceived by Aristotle turns out to be the good or self-actualization of the individual or of a particular community, and not of the universal humanity. Hence, Aristotle eventually found it necessary to ___ ____ __________ ___ _________ _______ ______ _____ _____ ____.
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