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Policy evaluation is a systematic process of assessing the design, implementation, efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of public policies. It helps policymakers determine whether a policy has achieved its intended objectives, utilized resources efficiently, and generated desirable social, economic, and environmental outcomes. Evaluation also provides evidence for improving existing policies, terminating ineffective ones, or designing better alternatives. Since public policies affect diverse sections of society, policy evaluation employs various methods that differ in purpose, scope, techniques, and sources of evidence. One of the most widely used methods is formative evaluation. This method is conducted during the implementation stage of a policy. Its primary purpose is to improve the policy by identifying operational problems, implementation gaps, and administrative weaknesses before the policy reaches completion. Formative evaluation emphasizes continuous monitoring, stakeholder feedback, and mid-course corrections. For example, during the implementation of a public health vaccination campaign, formative evaluation may identify shortages of medical personnel or inadequate public awareness, enabling authorities to take corrective measures. Summative evaluation is conducted after the implementation of a policy or programme. It measures the overall success or failure of the policy in achieving its objectives. This method focuses on outcomes, long-term effects, and the extent to which policy goals have been accomplished. It provides evidence for decisions regarding continuation, expansion, modification, or termination of the policy. Educational reforms, poverty alleviation programmes, and employment schemes are often subjected to summative evaluation after a specified period. Process evaluation examines how a policy has been implemented rather than what results it has produced. It assesses whether implementation followed prescribed guidelines, whether administrative procedures were effective, ______ ___ _____ ____ _________.
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