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The Upper Palaeolithic period, which spans roughly from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, marks a significant phase in human cultural evolution. During this time, Homo sapiens began producing complex symbolic and artistic expressions that reflect cognitive and social advancements. The emergence of ‘art’ during this period is considered a major hallmark of behavioral modernity. Archaeological anthropology studies these forms of early human expression to understand the symbolic, religious, and social aspects of prehistoric communities. Upper Palaeolithic art is typically categorized into two major forms: parietal art (also known as cave or wall art) and portable art (also called mobiliary art). These two forms differ based on their medium, function, and contexts in which they are found, but both are important indicators of cognitive development and symbolic thought in early human societies. ### Types of Upper Palaeolithic Art Forms 1. Parietal Art (Cave Art) This refers to paintings, engravings, and carvings found on cave walls and ceilings. Parietal art is predominantly located in Europe, particularly in France and Spain, although examples exist in other parts of the world such as Indonesia and Africa. The subjects include animals (such as bison, horses, mammoths), human figures, handprints, geometric symbols, and abstract motifs. The famous caves of Lascaux, Altamira, Chauvet, and Pech Merle contain extensive and sophisticated parietal art. The themes often have ritualistic or symbolic meanings, possibly connected with hunting magic, totemism, or shamanistic practices. 2. Portable Art (Mobiliary Art) Portable or mobiliary art consists of small, transportable objects that have been decorated or sculpted. These include figurines, carved bones or antlers, pendants, beads, and engraved tools. Many of these artifacts have been discovered in habitation sites or burials. A well-known example is the “Venus figurines,” _____ __________ ______ _________ _____ _______.
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