Word Count : 498

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Energy efficiency in ecosystems is measured through several ecological indices that explain how energy flows and is transferred across trophic levels. The most important index is ecological efficiency, which refers to how effectively energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. It reflects how much energy or biomass acquired by organisms is actually converted into body tissues instead of being lost as heat, waste, or respiration. ([GKToday][1]) One important component is consumption efficiency, which measures the proportion of available energy at one trophic level that is actually consumed by organisms at the next level. For example, herbivores _______ _______ ____ ______ ______ _____ _________.
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