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Urban livelihood concerns emerge as cities expand rapidly due to population growth, migration, industrialization, and the transformation of economies. Urban centers offer opportunities for employment, services, and education, yet they also present challenges of inequality, unemployment, informal sector dependence, and vulnerability to environmental risks. One of the foremost concerns in urban areas is unemployment or underemployment, particularly for low-skilled and semi-skilled populations who migrate from rural areas in search of better opportunities. Formal employment opportunities are often limited, leading to a heavy reliance on the informal sector. Street vending, waste collection, construction labor, domestic work, and small-scale services become dominant sources of income, yet these occupations are characterized by insecurity, lack of social protection, and low wages. Housing insecurity is another significant concern, as rapid urbanization leads to the proliferation of slums and informal settlements where people live without tenure security, sanitation facilities, or access to basic infrastructure. Many urban poor cannot afford formal housing, pushing them into precarious living conditions that increase vulnerability to eviction, health risks, and natural disasters. Access to affordable services such as healthcare, education, and water supply is also uneven, reinforcing cycles of poverty. Environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, insufficient waste management, and lack of green spaces, directly affects livelihoods by impacting health, productivity, and overall well-being. Social exclusion and inequality further complicate urban livelihoods. Women, migrants, and marginalized communities often ____ __________ ________ ________ ________ _____ ________ _____ _______.
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