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Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety, internal conflicts, or unacceptable thoughts and feelings. These mechanisms act as coping tools that help a person manage emotional conflict and external stressors. Rooted in psychoanalytic theory, particularly in the work of Sigmund Freud, defense mechanisms are seen as part of the ego's way of maintaining psychological equilibrium when the demands of the id, superego, and reality conflict. Defense mechanisms operate on an unconscious level and often distort, deny, or falsify reality. While they are a natural part of psychological functioning and can be adaptive in the short term, excessive or rigid use of defense mechanisms can hinder emotional growth, distort relationships, and contribute to psychopathology. Understanding defense mechanisms is crucial in counselling and therapy, as they reveal how individuals manage their emotional pain, stress, or trauma. There are several types of defense mechanisms, and each functions differently. Below are the major defense mechanisms, explained with suitable examples relevant to human growth, behaviour, and counselling: 1. Denial Denial involves refusing to accept reality or facts, thereby blocking external events from awareness. It is often used when the reality is too painful or overwhelming to acknowledge. *Example:* A person who has been diagnosed with a terminal illness may refuse to accept the diagnosis and continue to act as though they are perfectly healthy. In counselling, denial can be observed in clients who avoid talking about past trauma or abuse despite evidence or emotional _________ ______ ________ _________ ____ ___ ____ ________ ________ ______ ____ ____.
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