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Complex diseases are medical conditions caused by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors rather than a single gene mutation. Unlike monogenic disorders, where one faulty gene is the primary cause, complex diseases involve the cumulative effect of many genes, each contributing a small risk. Examples of complex diseases include cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, asthma, and most psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. These diseases often show familial aggregation, but their inheritance patterns do not follow Mendelian laws due to the polygenic nature of their risk. In the context of human population genetics, complex diseases are studied through genome-wide association __________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ _____ _____ ______ _________ _________.
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