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Complex diseases are medical conditions caused by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors rather than a single gene mutation. Unlike monogenic disorders, where one faulty gene is the primary cause, complex diseases involve the cumulative effect of many genes, each contributing a small risk. Examples of complex diseases include cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, asthma, and most psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. These diseases often show familial aggregation, but their inheritance patterns do not follow Mendelian laws due to the polygenic ____ _____ _________ ____ _________ ________ _______.
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