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Westernism in Russia refers to an intellectual, political, and cultural movement that advocated the adoption of Western European ideas, institutions, and models of development to modernize Russian society. It emerged prominently during the nineteenth century and became one of the central ideological currents shaping Russian debates on national identity, governance, economic development, and international relations. Westernists believed that Russia shared a common historical destiny with Europe and should follow the path of constitutional government, industrialization, scientific progress, and social reform. The origins of Westernism can be traced to the reforms of Peter the Great in the early eighteenth century. Peter introduced ________ _____ __________ ___ _________ _____ ____ __________ __________ __________ ______.
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