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The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is widely used in biological systems to explain how buffer solutions maintain physiological pH. The equation is written as pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]), where pKa is the acid dissociation constant of a weak acid, [A⁻] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid. It shows that pH depends on both the intrinsic strength of the acid and the ratio of _______ ________ ______ _______ _________ ________ ___ _____ _____ ___ ________.
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